However, the tranquillity of this society was destined to be shattered by the sails of foreign ships on the horizon. The arrival of Vasco da Gama in the late 15th century heralded the beginning of an era of external influence and domination.
The Portuguese, with their fortresses and firepower, were the first of several foreign powers to claim dominion over the East African coast. Mombasa and Zanzibar became focal points of both conflict and cultural exchange. By the late 17th century, the Portuguese were supplanted by the Omani Arabs, who left an indelible mark on the region through the spread of Islam and the integration of Omani customs into local culture.
Eventually, in the late 19th century, the British took control, declaring Kenya a protectorate and later a colony. The cultural fusion of East Africa was further enriched by the arrival of traders and immigrants — Persians, Indians, Chinese, Spaniards, Turks, Italians, Germans, and French — each adding new threads to the fabric of local society.
The Kiswahili language, a linguistic melding of Bantu, Arabic, Persian, and later European languages, emerged as a lingua franca, binding the diverse peoples of the coast into a unique Swahili culture.